What is a web browser? What is a web page? Used for withdrawal
One of the most popular Internet services today is the World Wide Web (WWW). This part of the Internet has become so popular that many users mistakenly equate the World Wide Web with the Internet.
What is it that attracts users to the World Wide Web?
The World Wide Web was conceived as an information field that consists of many documents. The most important thing in this idea was that all documents and their parts should be linked by hyperlinks.
A schematic example of linking pages using hyperlinks is shown in Fig. 20.1. As you can see, if you draw lines connecting hyperlinks in several documents, the overall appearance of the picture begins to somewhat resemble a spider's web. Hence the name of the service - World Wide Web (the word Web in English means “web”).
Rice. 20.1. Linking pages using hyperlinks.
To view web pages, you need a browser program. Its main feature is that it not only shows the text, but also highlights hyperlinks in it. When viewing text, the user can activate any hyperlink and thereby trigger a transition to a related document or the desired location in the current document.
In modern browsers that support a graphical interface, activating a hyperlink is usually accomplished by clicking the mouse. It is also accepted that when you hover the mouse pointer over a hyperlink, it changes its appearance like a hand (Fig. 20.2). Additionally, hyperlinks are usually blue and underlined by default, although many web pages do not follow these rules for the sake of overall appearance (design).
In the document text itself, HTML (or its more modern version, XHTML) is usually used to create hyperlinks. A hyperlink contains an indication of the document that the user should go to when clicking on it, and possibly a specific location in that document. Conventional hyperlinks, organized using HTML or XHTML, are unidirectional, meaning that it is impossible to determine from a document which documents link to it.
HTML has become the primary standard for presenting web pages. In addition to organizing hyperlinks, its modern version supports the following features:
Text formatting (font size, typeface, italics, style, etc.);
Selecting text and background colors;
Support for tabular presentation of material;
Support for inserting images into text;
Breaking down the material into blocks, each of which can be presented independently of the other;
Presentation of material in the form of bulleted and numbered lists.
Modern browser programs can do more than just display text and activate hyperlinks. Typically, they support displaying images, inserting audio and video objects, executing scripts (written in a special JavaScript language) inside the page code, caching material (automatically saving recently viewed pages so you can quickly return to them) and much more.
You can use various browser programs to view web pages.
Consider, for example, the browser that is built into the Windows XP operating system - the Internet Explorer program (Fig. 20.3).
Rice. 20.3. An open web page in Internet Explorer.
To view a web page, enter the address of the desired page in the Address line. To clear this line in Internet Explorer, use the standard delete key – Delete. After entering the address, press Enter.
Please keep in mind that sometimes web pages appear differently in different browser programs. This especially applies to modern complex pages.
Sometimes pages written in foreign languages open in the wrong encoding, that is, for example, Russian text looks unreadable (Fig. 20.4 a, b). In this case, you need to select Encoding from the View menu and then the correct encoding option. This could be, for example, Cyrillic K0I8-R. If different encodings are observed in different parts of the page (for example, the left part of the page is displayed normally, but on the right, instead of Russian text, there is an incomprehensible set of Latin letters with icons), right-click directly on the place of the page where the unreadable text is located and select Encoding from the context menu.
Rice. 20.4. Web page with Cyrillic characters: in the required encoding ( A) and in incorrect encoding ( b).
In Internet Explorer, you can view the source HTML code of a page by selecting View HTML Code from the View menu. If a page has several frames, that is, separate “half-windows”, each of which displays part of the page, the HTML code of the desired frame can be viewed by selecting the item of the same name from the context menu after right-clicking in the desired frame. However, please note that if the page is generated by a server-side script (such as PHP), you will not be able to view its source code, but only the HTML code generated by the script.
At any time, you can insert a bookmark on the page you are viewing by pressing CtrL+D. All created bookmarks are links to Internet pages. In the future, you can select them from the Favorites menu to quickly go to the desired page.
If you select Arrange Favorites in the Favorites menu, a separate bookmark editor window will open. Here you can rename any of the bookmarks, create new ones, sort them into groups (folders), insert separators, etc.
Using a browser program, you can not only view the content of web pages, but also send any data back to the server, if this is provided by the page creator. Among the sites where you need to not only read information, but also send it to the server, the following stand out:
Search engines;
Online stores;
Paid Internet resources.
Forums are special web pages that organize communication between people based on their interests. For example, by visiting the page at cLub60.org, you will be taken to the Nokia smartphone user forum.
You can register on the web page of any forum by submitting some initial information about yourself and entering your name to represent you on the forum (possibly a pseudonym, or, as they say on the Internet, a nickname) and a password. Subsequently, you will be able to log in to the forum using your username and password, after which you will be able to send messages to the forum.
The forum is usually organized in the form of several thematic sections, in each of which you can start a discussion of a topic by sending a corresponding message, or respond to statements from other forum participants. Once sent, your messages immediately appear on the site, so that all other forum visitors can immediately read them.
Well-organized forums make it fairly easy to find topics that interest you. Some particularly large forums often organize a special site search service.
Search engines are web pages that allow you to search for various resources on the Internet. They are used when the user does not know the exact address of a particular Internet resource or simply wants to find information on a topic that interests him.
There are many search engines on the Internet, the most famous of which are:
Yahoo! – yahoo.com (more of a resource directory, but with search capabilities);
Raya - raya.ru (interface for searching in three search engines at once - Google, Yandex and Rambler).
In addition to general purpose search engines, there are also more highly specialized search engines, for example, for searching music files, products on the Internet, etc.
Online stores are websites that are organized as virtual stores. Here you can look at the products, if you wish, get to know the characteristics of each of them more closely, look at an enlarged image of the product and, of course, find out its price. Then you can click on a special hyperlink to add the products you like to the “cart” - to a special section of the site. When all the products have been selected, you can view your “cart”, see the total cost of purchases, change the list of selected products if necessary, and place an order. To do this, you need to enter the address where you want the order to be delivered and your name. Usually you also need to provide your phone number so that the store courier can call and clarify the necessary details.
Usually the order is paid directly upon delivery. However, there are systems that allow you to pay it in advance, for example, using a credit card or one of the Internet payment systems, of which there are several - WebMoney, Yandex-money, etc.
Paid resources are websites that require you to first pay money to the creator of the resource to view them. Despite the fact that most web pages on the Internet are accessible to everyone, there are also paid resources. For some reason, some users believe that these are necessarily obscene web pages “for adults”. However, any resources containing exclusive information may be paid. For example, the Internet provides paid access to an electronic version of Grove's encyclopedic dictionary of music. Many artists provide paid access to pages where you can listen to their new recordings, etc.
Such a resource usually consists of a free main page and the actual content of the resource. The main page contains information about what awaits the user who pays for the resource information. Here, a form for payment is usually offered, which, as a rule, can be made using a credit card or one of the Internet payment systems.
The paying user is usually given a special password to access the paid information, after which he can view it. On many updated resources, a subscription to the resource is paid, that is, access after payment is provided for a certain period of time.
To work on the WWW on your computer, you must have a special program - a browser. Browser is an application program that interacts with the WWW and allows you to receive various documents from the network, view and edit their contents. Browsers provide the ability to work with documents containing text and multimedia information. In addition, they support all the previously discussed Internet access methods and protocols.
On the WWW, documents typically contain hypertext (text with hyperlinks). Unlike ordinary texts, online documents contain commands that define their structure, including links to other documents. This allows the browser to format the document for display on the screen according to the capabilities of a particular computer. Since the Internet uses heterogeneous hardware and software, a universal hypertext markup language, HTML (HyperText Markup Language), was adopted for the development of Web pages.
HTML contains a set of commands used to describe the structure of a document. Using HTML, a document is divided into appropriate logical components: paragraphs, headings, lists, etc. The specific formatting attributes of a document (body text and highlighted components) when viewing it are determined by the browser used.
The most common browsers are:
Mosaic for Windows;
Cello program;
Microsoft Internet Explorer (MSIE);
Netscape Communicator.
Linx program;
Let's briefly consider their purpose and main capabilities. The main focus will be on MSIE, as one of the most popular browsers. Its latest version 4.0 is distributed free of charge on the Internet by Microsoft and is included in Windows 98.
Mosaic for Windows- one of the first viewing programs. It has a very simple graphical user interface and allows you to display formatted Web documents on the screen. Its disadvantage is the need to install additional software for working with graphic files, audio and video images, which is not included as standard in the browser.
Program Cello was developed as an alternative to Mosaic. Directly provides access to HTTP, Gopher, FTP servers, UseNet teleconferences, and also supports working with Telnet when using external client programs. The program has a very simple interface, which allows you to quickly master working with it. The inconvenience of working with the browser is the small number of buttons on the control panel, so you constantly have to work with drop-down menus.
Program Linx refers to browsers with a text interface. Hypertext links are highlighted on the screen with a different color or an inversion of the background and text colors. The advantage of this browser is the ability to quickly find text information on the WWW using hypertext links. Pages you have viewed can be marked using bookmarks, which can be created while working in the browser.
Browser EINet WinWeb differs for the better in the small amount of main memory occupied during operation, good support for interactive forms, stable and reliable operation. The navigation mechanism is implemented simply and conveniently for the user. There is a built-in tool for searching documents using keywords. Browser settings allow you to select the fonts and colors used when displaying documents and highlighting hyperlinks.
Browser Internet Works allows you to work not only with WWW, but also with FTP and Gopher servers. The documents the user works with can be presented at three levels. In this case, the transition from page to page can occur both within one level and between them, using the toolbar buttons and the ability to work in multi-window mode. Viewing a text document can occur while simultaneously downloading multimedia files in the background. It is possible to customize the interface by the user.
The generally recognized leaders among programs for viewing and editing Web documents - the Netscape Communicator and Microsoft Internet Explorer browsers are the most convenient and multifunctional. They allow you to display on the screen any documents created in any operating environment and on any computer with a configuration that allows for network operation.
Differences between browsers
So, before we go any further, let's take a look at browsers and see what they can and can't display. Indeed, everything that we write will be viewed by the user in browsers, and if we do not focus on specific browsers, the result may be the most unexpected.
Of course, simple pages (like the one we wrote in the previous section) will most likely look the same in all browsers. However, the more complex the page, the greater the differences in its perception by different viewing programs. These differences can be in the layout of elements on the page, how they react to user input, how individual elements look, etc. When creating a web page, it can be helpful to view it in different browsers and adjust the code based on what you see. It can often happen that a page that looks very beautiful in one browser will simply be unreadable in another. Creating a complex page that looks almost the same in different browsers is not an easy task. Therefore, we would recommend focusing on one browser, and maintaining compatibility with others only at a minimum level. You can also create copies of pages for different browsers, but there is also a small problem here, which we will discuss below.
And finally, the simplest solution: having created a page, write at the beginning of it something like: “Looks best in such and such a browser” and place a link next to it, by clicking on which the user could download the desired viewer program. However, we must keep in mind that not all users are likely to want to do this, and not only because not all browsers are free. Firstly, not everyone has the opportunity to download large amounts of data from the Internet, and secondly, many are already accustomed to using some kind of viewing program, and advice to urgently install another one will cause them, at best, bewilderment.
Internet Explorer browser
Today, the most popular web browsing program is Microsoft Internet Explorer, which is used by approximately half of all Internet users. MS Internet Explorer version 5 supports most requirements HTML 4.0, and it is this program that we will focus on in the examples given in this book. This program is free and can be downloaded from http://www.microsoft.com/windows/ie_intl/ru/download/. There you can update the browser version and download various add-ons for this program. Almost all of the cardinal innovations have appeared in MS Internet Explorer since version 4. However, some aspects, mainly related to the reaction to user actions and the interpretation of code written in JavaScript, have changed significantly in the fifth version. Therefore, do not be surprised if a page written for Internet Explorer version 5, when viewed in version 4, displays, for example, messages about a “script error.” By the way, the fifth version of Internet Explorer is capable of automatically correcting minor inaccuracies. Other browsers do not know how to do this, and for them these inaccuracies will result in error messages. Internet Explorer supports not only JavaScript as a scripting language, but also the VBScript language invented by Microsoft, which is derived from the Visual Basic language. Since web pages written using VBScript actually exist, only using the Internet Explorer browser today allows them to adequately display their content. VBScript introduced some interesting features that were missing in JavaScript 1.0, such as the ability to automatically ignore errors in a loop ( On Error Resume Next). We do not cover the VBScript language in this book, since JavaScript is still the universal scripting language today.
As for earlier versions of MS Internet Explorer, their use raises a number of problems. For example, the third version uses a rather unique implementation of JavaScript, and some functions written for later versions or for Netscape browsers do not work quite correctly in Internet Explorer 3. Moreover, since the project HTML 4.0 it was still just in its infancy, Internet Explorer 3 lacks functions for responding to user actions, the ability to arbitrarily arrange design elements, etc. There is also no support for cascading style sheets. In some cases, there are problems with navigation between frames. And in even earlier versions of this browser there was no support for scripting languages at all and only the most basic tools were available.
Netscape Navigator browser
The second most popular browser in the world is Netscape Navigator. Unlike MS Internet Explorer, this program is implemented for many platforms, including OS/2 and UNIX with its clones. On non-Windows computers, Netscape Navigator continues to be the most popular web browser.
At the time of this writing, the second preliminary release of the sixth version of Netscape Navigator has been released. This version also supports many requirements HTML 4.0, however, not to the same extent as in MS Internet Explorer 5. In particular, not all elements of a web page can still respond to user actions. Netscape Navigator is available free of charge from www.netscape.com. The previous version of this program (the fourth) did not support new tags proposed in the fourth version of Internet Explorer (for example
Other viewing properties
Despite the fact that MS Internet Explorer and Netscape Navigator are used by the vast majority of Internet users, there are other browsers that are used every now and then at work. Among them, it is worth noting the Opera program, which can be obtained at www.operasoftware.com (however, this program is not free - it is distributed according to the Shareware principle). By the way, in 1999, experts noted that support for cascading style sheets ( CSS) is best implemented in this program. The Opera browser has many advantages (compactness, speed, user-friendly interface with detailed page loading indication), and others. However, there is even less support for dynamic elements here than in Netscape browsers.
The purely Russian Ariadna browser is also worthy of attention. It was designed specifically for the needs of Russian users. Unfortunately, after version 1.3 the developers stopped working on the project.
Web page viewers are now also built into many more “general” programs, for example, kfm (this is the KDE file manager-viewer, StarOffice, and even the email program The Bat! (for viewing HTML attachments). However, all they have limited capabilities compared to specialized programs and should not be relied upon when creating web pages.
Browsing Web Pages
Before you start creating your own HTML documents, it's useful to become familiar with the programs needed to view such documents—browsers. The latter are used not only as a viewer, but also as mail programs, and also as a means of uploading files via FTP. We'll need to learn two basic functions of browsers: viewing Web pages and editing their content (HTML elements).
Despite the fact that many programs for viewing HTML documents and even specialized editors have been created in the world, the user’s choice is always limited. This is explained primarily by the fact that additions are constantly being made to hypertext technology, and programs no longer meet the latest requirements. Nowadays there are almost no adherents of the Mosaic browser, although relatively recently it was a very popular product. And there are still companies that are trying to continue its development.
Which Internet specialist has not heard such names as Cello, Global Network Navigator or Netcom's NetCruiser! However, currently users choose products from one of two companies: Microsoft and Netscape. It was they who managed to find solutions that have won universal recognition. And The fact that both companies are constantly looking for opportunities to implement support for the competitor’s innovations in their programs is the reason for the rapid development of hypertext. Users in this situation only benefit by getting more and more new, state-of-the-art software products at their disposal. And yet there are. One area where even little-known and primitive browsers are used successfully. I mean CDs on which hypertext files are located. Here the developer knows in advance what documents will have to be played (which completely eliminates the compatibility problems that are so relevant for “highly specialized” browsers! ), and the need for licensing leads to the use of products from hitherto unknown companies. The consumer, in turn, is freed from the need to install additional software on his computer, since everything he needs is recorded on disk.
We will take a look at the two most popular browsers that provide correct viewing of hypertext in the vast majority of cases.
Microsoft Internet Explorer
This browser from Microsoft is convenient primarily because it is completely Russified. You can use version 4 or 5. Microsoft Internet Explorer (MSIE) is so tightly integrated with Windows that it can hardly be called a standalone program. Rather, it is one of the components of the operating system.
Working with the browser can start with an Internet connection or be done offline if all the necessary files are on the local hard drive (that is, the drive of your computer). The URL field is indicated in the Address field on the toolbar. It may match the IP address, or it may contain additional information necessary to identify a specific document.
The http code indicates that the program should work with a hypertext document system and use the corresponding protocol (HyperText Transfer Protocol). But there may be other address options. For example, addresses with the ftp code indicate archives of files accessible via FTP, the mailto code indicates email addresses, and the file code indicates files on your own computer. To practice, try, for example, downloading some files to your computer from the address ftp://ftp.microsoft.com.
After specifying the URL, the browser downloads data from the Internet and shows us a hypertext document located at the specified address (Fig. 1.2).
Having found any organization, we will first see its “home” page (home page). It is easy to detect underlined inscriptions on it. These are links to other pages. The entire complex of pages (site) is very large and cannot be seen in its entirety. Hyperlinks allow you to move around pages or parts of one large page. A hyperlink can be not only an inscription, but also an icon, picture or part of a picture. You can tell that this is a hyperlink by the change in the appearance of the mouse pointer. Moving around the site can be likened to walking through a labyrinth, so the browser is equipped with Forward and Back buttons that allow you to return to the pages you have visited. Each page corresponds to one or more files that the browser places in a temporary storage folder (cache). Therefore, when you want to return to an already loaded page, the program reads it not from the Internet, but from the hard drive. Document access time is significantly reduced.
It also happens that problems arise with loading the page. Then the user can interrupt the download by clicking the Stop button. This button should be used in several cases. First of all, when the page is still loading, and it is already clear to you that you will not need it. The button can also be useful when there are a lot of graphics on the page and there is no time to wait for them all to load. Well, and finally, there are situations when the browser “goes in a loop,” that is, it tries to open a non-existent document. In this case, this button also helps.
Conversely, the current page can be loaded again by clicking the Refresh button. It is rarely used when working with the Internet, but for the developer of hypertext documents it is an important tool. If you change something in your file, you can only see what it will look like now by reloading the document.
]Below are other important browser buttons.
Go to a page that was opened previously. This is a very convenient means of moving through documents. Moving forward is provided by a hyperlink, and the ability to go back is not present in every document.
Moving forward along the chain of viewed documents if you have made backward transitions.
“Home page” is a relative concept. Each company operating on the Internet has its own home page. You can use your page, the page of your provider, the program manufacturer, or any other as such. The home page address is specified as a program parameter and can be changed (command Tools > Internet Options).
Searching the Internet is carried out by going to the page of a search server. Currently, there are many search engines, and you can choose any one, and the address of the search page is also set as a parameter.
Catalog of your favorite or necessary Web pages. Using this button, you can add the current page to the list of favorite pages or instruct the browser to load any of the pages listed in the list.
Prints the current document. Web pages sometimes contain details that cannot be printed, but overall the browser formats for printing quite well.
Change the font size on the current page. This is a very convenient tool. Without asking unnecessary questions, the program increases or decreases the size of letters. This solves the problem in two cases: when the text on the page is too small or when, on the contrary, it is unreasonably large.
Some Web pages are designed in such a way that viewing their components causes another browser window to open. Therefore, after browsing the Internet, you may find that you have two or three MSIE windows open. You need to monitor this using icons on the taskbar, and close unnecessary windows so as not to overload the computer.
Web pages are often equipped with e-mail facilities. By clicking on a specific link, you can activate a dialog for composing an email message. If you write it and send it, the program will do everything automatically: you won’t even have to think about the recipient’s address. Another means of “feedback” is forms. By filling out the appropriate fields and clicking on the “send” button (which may be named Go, OK, Send, Submit, or something else on the form), you can send the necessary information to the server. So, for example, people order goods in online stores or fill out questionnaires during virtual surveys.
Web pages and their components (for example, pictures) can be treated like regular documents: saved to disk under specific names or printed. To open a local file in Internet Explorer, simply enter a link to the file in the Address field. The simplest option is to specify the path and name: C:\My crpaHHuaXStart.htm
File:///С:/My page/Start, htm
And the MSIE browser itself “prefers” this format:
She://C:\My CTpaHMua\Start. htm
All three ways of writing an address are easily recognized by the browser: the program is designed in such a way that it selects only useful information from the link, and how many slashes are in a row and in which direction they are tilted are details that a modern application neglects.
To open a file in dialog mode, use the File > Open command.
This will activate the window shown in Fig. 1.3. In it, folders are accessed after clicking the Browse button.
Finally, to save time searching for a file, Windows users can create a shortcut to the Web page on their desktop. To do this, you need to perform the following steps.
You can also have several folders for your favorite pages. More precisely, several folders inside the Favorites folder. To do this, select the Favorites > Organize favorites command, and then in the window that opens, click on the Create folder button.
Once you give the new folder a name, you can drag shortcuts from your main folder into it. In the future, when viewing the contents of the Favorites folder, the folders created inside it will open after clicking on them.
The Favorites folder does not store the documents themselves, but only links to them. If the page is not located locally, you will need a network connection to view it. In some cases, it becomes necessary to have copies of real documents on your computer. Then the user must save the selected files in one of his folders. In this case, you cannot rely on the cache, since its contents are updated regularly.
Editing pages in source mode is very convenient, since you can immediately see the result of the changes made: after modifying the page, save it in a text editor, and then click on the Refresh button in the browser.
Often when viewing pages there is a problem with fonts. If the font on a page is too small or, conversely, unreasonably large, the appearance of the document can be easily corrected. Use View > Font Size to change the font size while viewing. Letters can be either smaller or larger, while maintaining the proportions of different fonts and headings on the page.
The main tools for setting up the browser are collected in the Internet Options window, which is activated by the Tools menu command of the same name. Several parameters affect how HTML pages are viewed. The General tab contains buttons for Colors, Fonts, Languages, and Appearance, which you can use to set page display modes. The browser assigns two fonts for use by default: proportional and monospace. Two different font types are needed to draw the data from the corresponding HTML elements. The user chooses which fonts should be used. The choice of encoding is also important: for Russian-language documents, Windows1251 or KOI8 is used. You can also select the colors with which the text, followed and unused hyperlinks will be colored.
This tab allows you to access cache configuration options. These parameters allow you to view the contents of cache folders (the Settings button in the Temporary Internet files group) and copy from there the necessary files that were downloaded from the Internet. If necessary, temporary storage files can be erased to free up disk space.
On the Advanced tab, you can set a mode in which pictures or multimedia components will not be reproduced on the page.
This set of programs (its version 4.06 is currently Russified) attracts attention with many positive properties. Its popularity around the world is very high, and not only because users are accustomed to working with its earlier versions. Interesting, for example, are the comments in the status bar, which give an idea of the page loading process. In my opinion, access to parameters was organized successfully. The browser is called Netscape Navigator, and the built-in hypertext editor is Netscape Composer. The browser has the ability to create bookmarks, which makes searching for pages much easier. An undoubted convenience is the ease of switching between browser and editor modes. The browser window is shown in Fig. 1.4
Let's look at the main tools of the program. They are basically the same as in MSIE.
Return to a page that was opened before the current one
Go to a page that was opened later than the current one.
Repeat page loading.
By default, this button takes you to Netscape's home page, but the user can customize the program to any page using the Options window (Edit > Preferences).
Intensifying Internet search.
Button to go to the Netscape fans page. “My Netscape” is a virtual club where you can create your own page and get an email address.
Traditional button for printing the current page. And in the File menu, as befits a modern program, there are commands Set Up Pages, Preview and Print, which allow you to configure settings and preview the document before printing.
Stop loading the current page. The download can continue after clicking the Update button.
Previously, a button with a manufacturer's logo was traditionally used to initiate page loading. Now such commands; practically not needed, and in this browser, click on the logo! to the Netscape home page. As a rule, the logo is equipped with an animation that lasts while the current page is loading.
This browser, like the previous one, has an Address field. But unlike MSIE, this field's drop-down list allows you to select all recently used addresses, not just those manually entered into the line. The journal (command Components > Journal) performs similar functions. The journal contains a list of 1< использованных адресов, а щелчок на адресе позволяет выполнить загрузку. Еще один сервисный инструмент - файл закладок. Он является аналогом папки Избран ное в Windows. Для доступа к закладкам на панели инструментов есть специаль ная кнопка.
The format of the displayed page is affected by the View menu commands. With its help, you can set the font size, page encoding and other parameters. For example, there is a command to Stop animation, that is, changing images in complex GIF images. To resume the animation you need to reboot!
page (click the Refresh button).< при помощи журнала открываются страницы, которые когдато были загружень: из Интернета. Как журнал, так и кэш при необходимости можно очистить, не делается это разными путями. Журнал очищается кнопкой в окне настроек (коман да Правка >By analogy with Windows "users", Netscape Communicator allows!
create your own “users”, that is, program settings options (they are also called profiles or configurations). Before you begin, you must select one of these configurations. For each “user”, its own bookmark file, log and cache are created. The log is associated with cache files because
Settings). Please note (Fig. 1.5) that the required settings panel is selected using the tree on the left side of the dialog window. To CLEAR the cache, you must select the Cache branch in the Additional settings section.
In Netscape Navigator (NN), you can select the same viewing options as in MSIE: default fonts, colors of viewed and unviewed links. You can also choose a specific background for all pages you view, or choose no background at all. This is especially convenient when developing your own pages.
The File menu has a Save As command, which is used to copy the current page to a folder of the user's choosing. In this case, you can select the file format: HTML or text. Unlike MSIE, which allows you to save a Web page along with pictures, NN copies only the main file of the page. Saving the page file is only required in certain cases because the entire page is automatically written to the cache. The text format is convenient, for example, in cases where you need to print only the text of the page without burdening it with design elements and drawings. However, if you open the page in Netscape Composer, you can save the entire page (with pictures) in a new folder.
To view HTML elements in NN, use the View > Page Code command. Elements are nicely colored, and the code is easy to read, but in this case it cannot be edited.
Since this book talks about a variety of programs for working with hypertext, I recommend choosing a specific set of programs for yourself] decide how to save the created files (you accumulate files over time: a lot). In other words, you need a browser, a hypertext editor, and a set of folders to store the results of your work.
In general, we need to experiment with hypertext and related programs. In no other field of computer technology will you find such a variety of techniques and effects. In addition, the whole world is available to you to search for information: literally, the entire planet, and figuratively, an amazing virtual world called the Internet.
One of the main tasks of the Internet is storing and providing (upon request) the necessary information to users. To find the necessary information on the Internet, you need to know the address of the Web page (site) on which this information is located, have at least one of the Web browsing applications installed on your PC, and have access to the global network.
A program for navigating (searching for information on the Internet) and viewing Web pages is called a browser. There are many browsers available nowadays. The most popular graphical browsers (two-dimensional): Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Flock (Firefox and Flock are based on Netscape code), Opera, Netscape Navigator, Google Chrome and others. The Safari browser for Windows is gaining popularity. The first graphical browser, Viola, appeared in 1992. Currently, three-dimensional browsers are being developed, for example the Clara browser
Popular text browsers (console browsers) are Lynx and Links (Links2 supports graphics). Lynx and Links can be used on various platforms: Unix, Macintosh, Windows and other operating systems. These browsers are advisable to use for weak PCs and low-speed Internet connections.
In addition, these browsers can be used for powerful PCs and high-speed lines for the purpose of navigation or Internet surfing (for quick access to the required information on sites), and to view the required Web pages, it is advisable to use browsers with a graphical interface.
To work in DOS, you can use the graphical WWW browser Arachne - this is a graphical browser that supports the basic elements of modern Web design. To work in Linux, you can use the following browsers: Lynx, Links (Elinks, Links2, Links Hacked), Opera, Netscape, and so on.
Browsers are a client of the World Wide Web, that is, an application program that, upon request, receives documents from Web servers, interprets data from Web pages and displays them on the screen.
Using a browser, you can easily search for the desired web page on the Internet by typing one or more words in the address bar (search bar) of the browser and pressing Enter to begin the search. Browsers provide access not only to Web servers, but also to other Internet servers (FTP servers, Gopher servers, and UseNet newsgroup servers).
One of the most popular browsers is Internet Explorer, since the Internet Explorer application is included in the Windows operating system.
The Internet Explorer browser, page navigation technology, and working with Web pages are discussed in detail in the section Application programs for viewing Web pages.
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